detectives detective story
经常看英美剧的同学,大概每个人的关注剧中都有一两部是律政题材的吧?
像《诉讼双雄》(Suits)、《风骚律师》(Better Call Saul)、《皇家律师》(Silk),《傲骨贤妻》(Good Wife),以及最新的《美国犯罪故事》(American Crime Story)这些……
看剧中人物在法庭上唇枪舌战固然精彩,不过,你真的懂了吗?有些法庭用语大家都能明白吗?
今天双语君就为大家整理了法庭常用词汇,这些律政剧必备的法庭常用词汇(Terms Commonly Used in Court)让你看剧不再发蒙!
01
Accused 被告
例句:
The fifteen accused, young men from different parts of England, denied the charges.
被告是15名来自英格兰各地的年轻男子,他们对指控矢口否认。
02
Action 诉讼
例句:
Two leading law firms are to prepare legal actions against tobacco companies.
两家很有名的律师事务所准备向烟草公司提起诉讼。
03
Adjudicate [?'d?u:dikeit] 裁决
例句:
The international court of justice might be a suitable place to adjudicate claims.
国际法庭或许是对所有权作出裁决的合适之地。
04
Adjourn[?'d??:n](使)休庭
例句:
The court may not adjourn until three or even later.
法庭要到3点或更晚时才会休庭。
05
Affidavit [,?fi'deivit]宣誓证言
例句:
The lawyer invited his client to subscribe the affidavit.
律师请他的客户在宣誓证言上签了名。
06
Appeal 上诉
例句:
We intend to appeal the verdict.
我们打算对裁决提出上诉。
07
Bail 保释
例句:
He was yesterday given bail by South Yorkshire magistrates.
昨天南约克郡法院准予他获得保释。
08
Civil action 民事诉讼
例句:
She brought a civil action against one of her neighbours.
她对她的一个邻居提出民事诉讼。
09
Contempt of court 藐视法庭
例句:
He faced imprisonment for contempt of court.
他因藐视法庭面临监禁。
10
Continuance 诉讼延期
例句:
His attorney succeeds in getting a one month continuance.
他的律师成功申请到诉讼延期1个月。
11
Convict 定罪
例句:
That jury will never convict me.
陪审团才不会给我定罪。
12
Counterclaim 反诉
例句:
The producers filed a counterclaim asserting the copyright claims were baseless.
制作人团队提起反诉,声称版权诉讼毫无根据。
13
Court order 法庭指令
例句:
She has decided not to appeal against a court order banning her from keeping animals.
对于法院禁止她饲养动物的指令,她决定不再上诉。
14
Cross-examination 交叉讯问
例句:
The witness tripped up rather badly under close cross-examination.
这个证人在严密的交叉盘问之下破绽百出。
15
Custody['k?st?di]羁押,拘留
例句:
Two more suspects have now been taken into custody.
又有两个嫌疑人被拘留了。
16
Damages 损害赔偿
例句:
A High Court judge had awarded him £6 million damages.
高级法院法官裁定他获得600万英镑的损失赔偿金。
17
Defendant 被告
例句:
The defence pleaded insanity, but the defendant was found guilty and sentenced.
辩方以精神错乱为由进行申辩,但被告被判有罪并获刑。
18
Dismissal (案件)驳回(动词为dismiss)
例句:
The judge announced the dismissal of the case.
法官宣布驳回该案。
19
Evidence 证据,证物,证词
例句:
The forensic scientists who carried out the original tests will be called to give evidence.
进行最初化验的法医学家将被传唤到庭作证。
20
Felony ['fel?ni]重罪
例句:
Every defendant charged with a felony has a right to be charged by the Grand Jury.
重罪案被告都有权由大陪审团审理。
21
Forfeiture ['f?:fit??]没收(财产等)
例句:
The forfeiture of illegally obtained profits is part of the penalty.
没收非法获利是处罚的一部分。
22
Guilty 有罪的
例句:
Four men were found guilty of breach of the peace.
四名男子被判扰乱治安罪名成立。
Terms Commonly Used in Court Part 2
23
Incarceration[in,kɑ:s?'rei??n]监禁
例句:
This time his period of incarceration will last longer.
这一次,他的监禁期要长一些。
24
Indictment 诉状,起诉书
例句:
The government's indictment against the three men alleged unlawful trading.
政府在对这三个人的起诉书中指控他们从事非法贸易。
25
Insanity Plea(plea of insanity) 以精神错乱为由抗辩
例句:
Phillips murdered his wife, but got off on a plea of insanity.
菲利普斯谋杀了他的妻子,但以精神错乱为由逃脱了惩罚。
26
Judgment 判决
注:这个词有两个拼法,judgment和judgement,用于指代法庭相关的“判决,判决书”等意思时多用judgment,而用于非法律相关的“判断”之意时多用judgement。
例句:
The Court is expected to give its judgment within the next ten days.
法庭应于10日内作出判决。
27
Jurisdiction[,d?u?ris'dik??n]司法权,管辖权
例句:
The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country. 法院对驻本国的外交官无裁判权。
28
Jury 陪审团
例句:
The six-person jury deliberated about two hours before returning with the verdict.
6人陪审团认真商议了约两个小时后作出了裁定。
29
Legal Aid 法律援助
(指对无钱聘请律师或进行诉讼者给予的专业法律援助)
例句:
If she gets that far, Jane may get legal aid to take her case to court.
如果走到那个地步,简也许能得到法律援助去打官司。
30
Litigant ['litig?nt]诉讼当事人
例句:
Plaintiffs and defendants are both litigants.
原告和被告都属于诉讼当事人。
31
Mediation 调解
例句:
All efforts of mediation by a third party were in vain at all.
第三方的所有调解尝试均告失败。
32
Misdemeanor 不法行为,轻罪
例句:
Since when does a misdemeanor drunk-in-public need 2 detectives?
何时开始在公共场合醉酒这样的轻罪要出动两个探员?
33
Motion (诉讼参与方或者与案件相关的一方向法官提出的)动议
例句:
He is eligible now to file a motion for a new trial.
他现在有资格提议重新进行审判。
34
Negligence 失职,疏忽
Negligence of duty就是“玩忽职守”。
例句:
The accident was caused by negligence on the part of the driver.
事故是由于司机的过失造成的。
35
Not Guilty/acquittal [?'kwit?l]无罪
例句:
He was found not guilty, by reason of insanity.
他以精神失常为理由获判无罪。
The jury voted 8-to-4 in favor of acquittal.
陪审团以8比4的投票结果赞成无罪判决。
not guilty是形容词形式,陪审团宣布被告“无罪”,而acquittal是名词形式,是正式的“无罪判决”。
36
Objection 反对
例句:
He raised several objections to the judge, but all of them were overruled.他对法官提了好几次反对,可是都被判无效。
在法庭上,一方律师对另一方的陈述或提问表示objection(反对)时,法官一般会做出两种反应:sustained(反对有效),overruled(反对无效)。法官判定反对有效时,相关方面需改变提问方式或者提问内容。
37
Parole [p?'r?ul]假释
例句:
People on parole must follow certain rules.
被假释的人必须遵守一定的规定。
38
Perjury 伪证罪
例句:
You'll be punished if you procure the witness to commit perjury.
如果你诱使证人作伪证,你要受罚的。
39
Plaintiff 原告
例句:
The plaintiff's sole witness, a gambler and layabout, was easily discredited.
原告唯一的证人嗜赌成性,游手好闲,其证词一下子就被推翻了。
40
Plea (被告或被告律师的)抗辩
例句:
We will enter a plea of not guilty...
我们将进行无罪抗辩。
41
Probation 缓刑
例句:
The thief was put on probation for two years.
这个小偷被处以两年缓刑。
42
Reasonable Doubt 合理怀疑
例句:
Their approach is to whittle away at the evidence to show reasonable doubt.
他们的做法是要削弱证据的说服力以提出合理的质疑。
这是英美证据法中的术语。法庭审理中提出了所有证据后,理智而公正的陪审团或法官仍难以形成被告人有罪确信的一种怀疑。
依照英美证据法,排除任何合理怀疑是刑事诉讼中衡量证明被告人有罪的证据标准。负有举证责任的控诉人,对被告人的犯罪事实证明,必须达到使法官和陪审员能够排除合理怀疑的程度。否则,被告人就可能因为合理怀疑而被判定无罪。
43
Search warrant 搜查令
例句:
Officers armed with a search warrant entered the flat.
警察们持搜查证进入了那所公寓。
44
Sentence 判决
例句:
He stood emotionless as he heard the judge pass sentence.
他面无表情地站在那里,听法官宣布判决。
45
Suspended sentence 缓刑
例句:
John was given a four-month suspended sentence.
约翰被判缓刑4个月。
判决宣布后,暂缓执行,被告进入保释期,期间需遵守相关法律规定,一旦违反就有可能被停止缓刑,被立即收监。
46
Subpoena[s?b'pi:n?](传唤证人出庭的)传票
例句:
He has been served with a subpoena to answer the charges in court.
他接到传票要出庭应诉。
这个词的读音是[s?'pin?],字母b不发音。
47
Conflict of interest 利益冲突
例句:
The man was disqualified from the jury due to conflict of interest. He used to go to the same college with the defendant.
这个人因为利益冲突没有获准入选陪审团,他原来跟被告是一个学校的。
参与审判某案的法官、公诉人、入选的陪审员等若与被告方有任何交集,便被认为与本案有利益冲突,不能参与案件的审理。
48
Transcript 庭审文字记录,(音频证据的)文字转录版本
例句:
A transcript of the tapes was presented as evidence in court.
一份录音带的文字转录版本作为证据被呈交法庭。
49
Verdict 裁决
例句:
The jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict.
陪审团一致作出了有罪裁决。
Verdict(裁决)多指刑事案件中由陪审团做出的“有罪”(guilty)或“无罪”(not guilty)判定;
Sentence(刑罚判决)则是在达成有罪的裁决后对被告做出的具体惩罚,比如,imprisonment(监禁)、fine(罚款)等,这个刑罚的决定是由法官或者法庭工作人员决定的。
Judgment(判决)(在刑事案件中)则包括verdict(裁决)和随之而来的sentence(判决)两部分(A judgment constitutes the final decision of the court and includes the verdict and the sentence imposed)。
50
Warrant of Arrest 逮捕令
例句:
The suspect shall be immediately released if the prosecutor refuses to sign a warrant of arrest.
如果检方不签署逮捕令,嫌疑人就会被立即释放。
51
Witness 目击证人
例句:
The facts given by the witness are highly questionable.
证人陈述的事实非常可疑。
52
Original judgment 原判
例句:
China's top court ratified the original judgment on the anti-monopoly dispute between two Chinese Internet giants, Qihoo 360 Technology Co Ltd and Tencent Inc, on Thursday.
最高人民法院周四对奇虎360和腾讯公司之间的反垄断纠纷案作出维持原判的决定。
“维持原判”是在案件二审宣判时继续维持一审判决,英文中用ratify/affirm the original judgment或者maintain the original ruling表示。法院“对某人作出判决”可以用pass judgment on someone来表示。
53
Types of cases 案件类型
Criminal case 刑事案件
刑事案件是指犯罪嫌疑人或者被告人被控涉嫌侵犯了刑法所保护的社会关系,国家为了追究犯罪嫌疑人或者被告人的刑事责任而进行立案侦察、审判并给予刑事制裁(如罚金、有期徒刑、死刑等)的案件。
Civil case 民事案件
人民法院依照法律规定,为方便审理和解决当事人之间的争议,根据法律关系的性质对受理案件所进行的分类。常见的人格权纠纷,婚姻家庭继承纠纷,物权纠纷、劳动纠纷等都属于民事案件。
【二者区别】
民事案件一般遵循不告不理的原则,即当事人不主动向国家司法机关请求,国家司法机关一般不介入干预当事人之间的纠纷。而刑事案件一般都有国家刑事司法机关主动介入,受害人或者群众报案、举报后,公安、检察机关即会介入侦查。然后由检察院代表国家对被告人提起公诉,由法院作为法律的裁判者进行公正的审判从而达到制裁犯罪人和保护人民的刑法目的。
Appeals 上诉案件
案件的被告人、被害人不服一审法院的裁决,在法定的上诉期内,向原审法院的上级法院提出的要求重审改判的案件。
上诉案件通常有两种结果:维持原判(maintain the original judgment),或者推翻原判(reverse the original judgment),另外还有一种可能是退回一审法院进行补充审理(send the case back to the trial court for additional proceedings)。
有点多,记住了吗?
(编辑:何娜 Helen)